长江江苏段鱼类种类组成和优势种研究

根据2001~2005年对长江江苏段鱼类的调查与监测,结合鱼类学研究的最新观点,对长江江苏段鱼类历史资料进行整理和归并,结果长江江苏段共记录鱼类161种（19目42科）。本次调查采集到鱼类15目31科108种,其中2个新种,2个省新记录,种类组成以鲤科鱼类为主。根据相对重要性指标（IRI）计算,江苏全江段的优势种分别为鳖hemiculter leucisculus、鲫Carassius auratus auratus (Linnaeus)、鳊Parabramis pekinensis (Basilewsky)、鲤Cyprinus capio Linnaeus、刀鲚Coilia nasusSchlegel、贝氏Hemiculter bleekeriWarpachowsky、似鳊Pseudobrama simony (Bleeker)、香斜棘鱼衔Callionymus olidus Günther、鲢Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes)、草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus (Valenciennes);优势种平均体重为0.974~292.431 g。江段鱼类小型化、低龄化仍十分严重。     

NITROGEN ACCUMULATION IN A CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FOR DAIRY WASTEWATER TREATMENT1

ABSTRACT: A free water surface (FWS) constructed wetland was installed at a dairy in Glendale, Arizona, to study the potential of such a wetland to remove nitrogen (N) from wastewater. The study objectives were: (1) to determine N removal from the wastewater, and (2) to evaluate N accumulation in soil and plant tissues. The system consisted of eight cells (70 × 9 × 1.5 m) planted with Typha domingensis, Scirpus validus, and Phragmites australis. The four cells in series were lined with plastic, and the four cells in a parallel series were lined with clay. Cells received approximately 180 m³/d of partially treated dairy effluent. Plant tissues and soil samples were collected above and below ground from 24 locations during one year. Total N removal from wastewater was about 17 percent. Clay‐lined cells accumulated more N in the soil and less N in plant biomass compared with plastic lined cells. Plant biomass accounted for approximately 60 percent of total N accumulated in cells with dense plant communities. Ninety percent of accumulated soil N was organic. Total N accumulated in soil reached a maximum (1,100 mg/kg) eight months after the introduction of wastewater.     

尼洋河不同河段浮游植物群落多样性差异研究

2009年8月对尼洋河流域浮游植物群落的种类组成、分布和数量特征进行了调查：共发现浮游植物共26属74种(变种)，以硅藻为主，大多数种类的相对丰富度较低，优势种不明显，平均相对丰富度大于5%的种类分别是极细微曲壳藻(90%)、弧型蛾眉藻线形变种(54%)、中型脆杆藻(53%)和尖针杆藻(5%)；其出现频次分别是19、20、17和20次。种类分布均匀，平均细胞密度为225×104 ind./L，远低于一般河流和湖泊。分析显示绝大多数样点浮游植物的多样性和均匀度指数都很高，其均值分别为364和095。以上结果表明该流域浮游植物群落结构比较复杂、处于较完整的稳定状态，体现了尼洋河流域贫营养河流水体的特征。TWINSPAN和DCA分析表明海拔高度和环境的稳定程度可能是影响该流域浮游植物群落多样性的主要因子     

两种不同根系特征沉水植物对沉积物剖面不同形态磷的影响

为探究不同根系特征的沉水植物对沉积物中磷（P）的影响,本研究以狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum L.,根系发达）和金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum L.,无固定根）为材料开展室内培养试验.结果显示,狐尾藻和金鱼藻均能显著降低沉积物中的总磷（TP）、无机磷（IP）、氢氧化钠提取磷（NaOH-P）含量,去除率分别为9.0%和7.8%（TP）、9.8%和8.8%（IP）、15.7%和8.7%（NaOH-P）.狐尾藻对沉积物NaOH-P的去除效果显著优于金鱼藻.狐尾藻组中沉积物NaOH-P减少引起IP降低,进而造成TP降低.与初始状态相比,狐尾藻和金鱼藻处理下的上覆水溶解氧（DO）分别增加1.61 mg·L^-1和1.72 mg·L^-1,但pH和TP没有显著变化.结果表明,两种沉水植物在减少沉积物P、抑制上覆水TP上升方面均具有积极作用,但在沉积物NaOH-P含量高的浅水湖泊中,根系发达的狐尾藻的生态修复功能更为有效.     

沿岸用地状况对中小河道沉水植物定居光照强度的影响

河道沿岸用地状况对水环境质量和水生态系统健康产生重要影响,水体光衰减特征对沉水植物定居生长具有重要意义.通过以建设闲置区、居住商业区、非居住商业区等不同沿岸用地状况中小河道为研究对象,分析了上海市130个中小河道调查区段的水环境和水下光环境指标.结果表明,上海市中小河道调查区段水体光衰减系数（K_d（PAR））的分布范围为1.243~7.592 m^-1,河道沿岸不同用地状况对K_d（PAR）具有较大影响,建设闲置区显著大于非居住商业区和居住商业区.总固体悬浮物是导致上海市中小河道水体光衰减的主要因素,但不同沿岸用地状况之间引起水体光衰减的主导因子存在差异：因处在建设开发阶段或表土裸露状态,建设闲置区的水体光衰减主导因子为总固体悬浮物,而非居住商业区、居住商业区的水体K_d（PAR）则受到总固体悬浮物、有机污染和营养盐等共同影响.总体上,总磷和叶绿素a随总固体悬浮物浓度增加表现为先增加后降低趋势.沉水植物定居光环境的最大水深Z_macrophytes分布范围为0.462~2.821 m,结合中小河道水深判定水下光照强度不足严重制约沉水植物恢复,并且浊度与K_d（PAR）的相关性显著.建设闲置区、居住商业区、非居住商业区等沿岸用地状况水体浊度与K_d（PAR）的相关系数分别为0.785、0.738、0.646,可作为判定沉水植物定植光照强度及适宜生长区的易操作定量指标.     

Strengthening effects of ammonia nitrogen on the harmless biological treatment of oily sludge

To improve the efficiency of oil degradation and strengthen the harmless treatment of oily sludge, three dominant strains identified as Chryseomicrobium sp. YL2, Gordonia sp. YL3 and Acinetobacter sp. YL5 were isolated from soil near a refinery, and the effects on the bioremediation of the oily sludge from the refinery were investigated. The results showed that the efficiency of oil degradation increased by 31.5% compared with the control when the dominant strains were added to the treatment of oily sludge. Furthermore, the dominant strains could use oil as a carbon source for heterotrophic nitrification–aerobic denitrification. The addition of ammonia nitrogen resulted in a large number of remaining microbes and heightened dehydrogenase activity in the oily sludge, further accelerating oil degradation, mainly for C₁₁ to C₂₅ saturated hydrocarbons, and the oil degradation efficiency increased by 40.8%. After 120 days of bioremediation, the biotoxicity of oily sludge, which was expressed by the equivalent phenol concentration, decreased by 40.0% compared with that of the control, indicating that the addition of ammonia nitrogen enhanced the biodegradation of oil. This method can be used to strengthen the harmless treatment of oily sludge in practical engineering applications.     

某铀矿九种优势草本植物铀的测定

研究探讨通过植物吸收来修复铀污染的可能性.首先采用"无样地取样法"对南方某铀矿植物群落进行调研,再用"5Br-PADAP显色目视比色法"研究并测定了从中筛选到的芒、狗尾草、鬼针草、野棉花、辣蓼、律草、商陆、凤尾蕨和鸭跖草九种优势草本植物铀含量的差异.结果表明,测得的样品土壤中铀含量在120 μg/g左右,而芒草、鸭跖草...     

大型水生植物对骆马湖氮、磷元素的影响

对骆马湖有草区和无草区水体和沉积物中氮、磷元素含量分析,结果表明:无草区水体中总氮、总磷含量高于有草区;有草区表层沉积物总氮含量随时间变化明显,而无草区表层沉积物总氮含量随时间的变化很小;有草区与无草区表层沉积物中总磷含量的时间变化并无明显差异;有草区表层沉积物总氮含量基本上均高于无草区,而有草区表层沉积物总磷含量均要低于无草区。骆马湖有草区与无草区采样点沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性大小在58.41～315.07 mg/(kg.h)范围内变化,有草区的碱性磷酸酶的活性普遍低于无草区的碱性磷酸酶活性。在湖泊中种植大型水生植物确实可以减少水体污染,达到净化水质的目的。     

长江源区生态功能区划与生态系统管理

生态功能区划是近年来我国着力建设的一个新的关于资源与环境管理的框架。首先简要讨论了生态功能区划的性质，指出生态功能区划是基于生态系统的地理框架。与生态区比较，生态功能区强调人文活动对生态系统提供产品和服务能力的影响，并反映人类的价值判断。生态功能区划的最终目的是以生态系统的等级结构和尺度原则为基础，在不同尺度水平上实施“基于生态系统的管理”。以长江源区为例，进行了生态功能区划的实证分析。其基本认识是，按照生态系统的自然边界划分生态系统单元；进行生态系统描述和评价；在确定主导生态功能的基础上划分不同的生态功能区。最后讨论了按照生态系统原理对长江源生态功能分区进行管理和建设。